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In order to fully understand the meaning of CybeRhetoric, it is necessary to analyze the two words of which it consists. The term “cyber” is “a prefix used to describe a person, thing, or idea as part of the computer and information age.” One of the most common usages comes from the word “cyberspace”, which refers to the way in which people connect via technology. The influence of technology has grown drastically during the last two decades, having a direct effect on everyday life. This can be seen in an essay presented at the Taiwan Net Conference in 1998, which analyzed the impact of the newfound cyberspace. In the essay, Lawrence Lessig declares, “Cyberspace is unavoidable, and yet cyberspace is unregulable. No nation can live without it, yet no nation will be able to control behavior in it.” This statement alone reveals the significance of the cyber world. Separately, the term “rhetoric” can be defined as “the art of using words effectively in speaking or writing”. While it encompasses the content of the message, rhetoric generally deals with the communication style used to convey it. Although these two terms have unrelated meanings, they come together to constitute the CybeRhetoric.
Due to the availability of technology in today’s society, more people have begun utilizing the internet as a means of communication. The term CybeRhetoric may refer to the way in which people express themselves on the internet in communicating a message. For instance, recently many people have found that using abbreviations for words and phrases is an easier and faster way to communicate a message. Similarly, people may use emoticons to express emotions that would be evident in person, yet difficult to put into words. This means of communication has become a socially acceptable way for people to hold conversations and express themselves online. However, this language could potentially serve as a threat to the way people express themselves outside of cyberspace. People may find it harder to adapt to formal language when necessary, and find themselves instinctively referring to the style of language and spelling used on the internet while writing papers or formal documents. Thus, although CybeRhetoric may be a convenient way to communicate in cyberspace, it may only hinder the way in which we conduct ourselves in person.
Before we can correctly define the term CybeRhetoric, we must first find the meanings of the two words that constitute the term: cyber and rhetoric. The word cyber is “a prefix used to describe a person, thing, or idea as part of the computer and information age.” Cyber can further be explained as a way to describe “the entire range of things made available through the use of a computer.” This prefix originated in the term cybernetics and later was used in the term cyberspace. Since the advancement of technology in our generation has been so profound, the term cyberspace has become a commonly used word. However, few people truly understand the word’s meaning as it has changed over the years. Cyberspace used to refer to “electronic space as perceived by what we would now call virtual reality: the brain and senses were directly linked with the world of computers and communications and so could experience it as an actual landscape.” It now can just be defined as “the intangible (and hence mysterious) electronic domain” or even as a loose synonym for “electronic.” The second part of the term is the word rhetoric. Rhetoric is defined as “the art or study of using language effectively and persuasively or verbal communication.” These two words are very unique in definition; however, when put together, they create a whole new idea for us to consider.
The term CybeRhetoric could have a variety of possible definitions, one of them being how we now communicate with each other via computers and other forms of technology. Gradually, rhetoric is being weakened throughout our generation, partially due to newer technology. Instant messaging, e-mailing, and texting have increased the usage of abbreviations for common phrases. This is a problem not only for written rhetoric as people often forget to use proper grammar and spelling when writing important papers and documents, but also for spoken rhetoric as people increasingly use abbreviations such as “btw” or “brb” in verbal conversations. Texting has also allowed people to reduce all emotion into 160 characters so that it fits in the box. By taking these issues into account, we can see that CybeRhetoric, although modern and useful, can also cause major problems for our society, as our generation prepares to become the future business leaders, educators, and parents for the next generation.
According to the search engine MSN Encarta, “cyber” is a prefix that, when attached to such suffixes as law, space, and café, takes on the meaning of computers and information systems, virtual reality, and the internet respectively. Though the words cyberlaw, cyberspace, and cybercafé, are linked by their prefix, the similarities extend to the undeniable influence of technology that is apparent in their definitions. In its broadest sense, rhetoric is, “the theory and practice of eloquence, whether spoken or written” (MSN Encarta). Furthermore, “Rhetoric defines the rules that should govern all prose composition or speech designed to influence the judgment or the feelings of people” (MSN Encarta). Rhetoric can also be qualified as classical, medieval, or modern. Each of these categories was explored by some of history’s most renowned authors and philosophers. When combined, the terms “cyber” and “rhetoric” share both their letters and definitions to form the word “CybeRhetoric.”
The simplest way to deduce the meaning of this new and authentic word is to combine the definitions of its two parts. If “cyber” refers to all things technological and “rhetoric” encompasses all eloquence written or spoken, or more specifically the prose that influences the judgment of people, then “CybeRhetoric” must encompass all of the technology that is influencing the way people think. A rough definition could be that CybeRhetoric is the influence of the internet and other technologies on the decisions made by people. CybeRhetoric concerns itself with many aspects of life. With the abundance of technology that ranges from computers to cell phones to televisions, there are copious amounts of information accessible to humans. This information poses a problem because it is made up of infinite opinions, truths, lies, propaganda, advertisements, suggestions, etc. With all of this information comes the problem of making decisions. For a human, the difficulties lie in separating the truth from the lies, separating excess from necessity, realizing what is and is not propaganda, and determining what is best for a person and the people he or she cares about.
In society today, with all of our technological advances creating numerous means of communication, slang words have in turn been created to name and describe these advances. The slang seems to have become commonplace in our vocabulary, used every day without a second thought. The most noticeable of recent technological advances takes its form in the Internet, which is often related to the word “cyber”. If you look up “cyber” in the Internet’s most useful and highly credible website, Wikipedia.org, cyber is a common prefix used in names relating to computers and the Internet. Slightly more credible websites, like Brittanica.com, often group cyber with words like security, chatting, and even stalking and bullying. Whatever it’s connected to, cyber most often refers to computers and the Internet, and whatever communication or action that the Internet can facilitate. This site, Brittanica.com, defines the word “rhetoric” as public speaking, and as writing and speaking effectively. Rhetoric refers to the art of verbal communication and the skill of using communication effectively.
Looking at the individual definitions for “cyber” and “rhetoric”, it seems simple to conceive of the definition for the word formed by their combination, “CybeRhetoric”. CybeRhetoric most probably refers to effective speech, and therefore writing, on the Internet. There are millions of websites on the Internet today for things like the news, shopping, blogging, or simply just to find other websites. The information they relay must be correct for the millions of people that view and depend on them every day. CybeRhetoric refers to the credibility of the information on the Internet and the integrity of the sites and search engines that transmit the information. This information must not only be accurate but it must also be clear and easy to understand. Some people today no longer rely on print newspapers or magazines for their news but instead turn to online newspapers and magazines to read the same information. This is often more convenient, with online sites being more up-to-date and also more readily available with today’s BlackBerrys and iPhones. With all of this reliance on the Internet, the public can only hope that they are not misinformed, and are receiving solid facts rather than biased opinions. CybeRhetoric refers to this hope for factual and clear information shared on the World Wide Web.
Within the confines of space and technology, society has become extremely focused upon the connectivity of the world. Individuals utilize technological advancements to their own benefit in popular-cultural acceptance and belonging. Cyber is often defined to include such terms as computer, World Wide Web, and electronic connectivity. Deriving from “’cybernetics,’ it is a prefix attached to everyday words to add a computer, electronic or online connotation. The term is similar to ‘virtual,’ but the latter is used more frequently” (www.pcmag.com). Rhetoric is defined as “the art of speaking or writing effectively… as a means of communication or persuasion.” Likewise, it consists of “skill in the effective use of speech” and is synonymous with “verbal communication and discourse” (www.merriam-webster.com). Although cybernetics has become essential to modern society, rhetoric continues to be an essential form of linguistic persuasion in both the past and present.
CybeRhetoric combines these two principles of electronic connectivity and human speech to create a general principle that incorporates societal standards and expectations. CybeRhetoric analyzes socio-cultural constructs within the frame of internet and virtual connectivity. This principle adapts the technological advancements of the modern generation with the dependency imposed upon this highly sophisticated cyber-world. CybeRhetoric concerns itself with this dependency and central communication via the virtual pathways of the World Wide Web. The term also alters the change of power between reader and author. CybeRhetoric analyzes the pathways of readers and the alteration of their given viewpoint based on the chosen texts or links. However, the author also maintains control through the placement of these links and the direction in which they choose to lead the reader (www. koziolcyberhetorics.blogspot.com). This term incorporates the persuasion and speech of rhetoric with the influential abilities of the internet and computer-related world. Within these confines, members of society are subjected daily to keenly placed advertisements and hyperlinks, all of which are designed to direct the reader’s attention wherever the author determines to lead them.
Rhetoric is a broad term that can be used for a number of literary points or techniques. The most commonly understood definition of rhetoric is “the art of speaking or writing effectively” (Merriam-Webster). In other words, rhetoric describes the way people communicate with each other. This can be through verbal communication or written prose. More sophisticated definitions of rhetoric have come from some of the greatest minds in the world. Douglas Ehninger, a renowned rhetorician, explained rhetoric to be “that discipline which studies all of the ways in which men may influence each other's thinking and behavior through the strategic use of symbols" (American Rhetoric). This term encompasses all of the methods used to relay information, argue an issue, or simply explain a task.
Since the creation of computers, new terms have been absorbed into our society at a rapid rate. The Internet prompted the developed of an entirely new language. Sometimes referred to as “the cyber world”, the Internet is used as a means of obtaining and sharing information with the globe. The word cyber was formed from the Greek word kybemetes, meaning “steersman” or “governor” (SearchSOA.com). Abbreviated from cybernetics, the word cyber simply refers to anything with an electronic or computer related connotation. Cyber also serves as a prefix for other terms such as cyberspace or cyber warfare. The new words that this prefix can make take on a more specific meaning and include many of the controversial topics in society today.
Considering that the prefix cyber concerns itself only with Internet-related topics, when combined with rhetoric, the new term refers to the way people use the Internet to communicate information. The World Wide Web is a useful and vast tool in our society today that is constantly expanding. CybeRhetoric can cover basic topics such as the increased number of news sources and even scientific journals available to the public in a more effective way and the search engines that make access to them possible. However, this new term can also house more controversial issues. One popular example of this is the disclosure or private information that leads to online predators through websites such as myspace or facebook. The Internet has also opened doors for plagiarists and the illegal download of music and videos. Directly related to the rhetoric aspect of CybeRhetoric, slander of political figures and celebrities is commonplace on the Internet and not enforced. Computers have permanently complicated standard methods of communication, making this change worthy of a term of its own. CybeRhetoric can be an accurate term for describing the exchange of information and argumentation found on the Internet.
Throughout his academic work on communication, American John Dewey wrote, “in its aesthetic form communication becomes rhetorical. It turns communication into an art whose goal is a presentation that unites form and rhythm in a manner that can reach down into the experiences of the audience and literally transform them into something new”(Stroud). In a simpler definition, the Webster’s English Dictionary defines the term rhetoric as, “the theory and the practice of effective speaking and writing”. Several websites such as “A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples” list different rhetorical terms such as alliteration, simile, and personification, as if to lay down the foundation of English grammar rules. It is both of these ideas of the beauty of rhetoric and the logical interpretation of it that underlies the very argument of Shakespeare’s proclaimed greatness as one of the most unsurpassable writers of all time. Overall, rhetoric can be interpreted as the beautiful and efficient means by which words are used.
The first indication of how modern the term “cyber” is that the term was established by the Oxford Dictionary as a word in the English language along with other computer related expressions in the early years of the twenty-first century. However, cyber is rarely seen in the dictionary as a word on its own; usually used as the prefix to “cyberspace” and “cyber café”. Each definition contains something pertaining to the world-wide web or the internet.
During these first several years of the twenty-first century, reading and writing for a large percent of the population has turned to the internet. The internet can be found in seventy-one percent of American households as indicated by a survey taken in 2006 reported by the News Blog webpage. Rules of rhetoric, or just simply rules of the English vernacular, have had to transform to fit to the new standards of language across the worldwide web. Cyberhetoric is this transition. It is the metamorphoses between written rhetoric and the rules of cyber communication. Joe Lockard in his essay Resisting Cyber-English, writes “I argue that English must be practiced as an open field rather than a linguistic prisonhouse where involuntary anglophones do hard time behind the steel bars of alien grammar…Cyber-English has arrived.” However, many Americans’ views on this topic are much different. Some may ask, “Are we losing the beauty and grandeur of English due to the cyber-universe created shorthand?” Well, perhaps we are. However, the answer is cyberhetoric; finding a way to keep the beauty alive in a modern world where most read more on a computer screen than from a paper.
The first and most logical place to learn more about the terms “cyber” and “rhetoric” is a simple Google search. The first result is the Wikipedia article on Cyber Sex and the second is a website that offers Cyber Hymnals and other Christian based songs and prayers. Google leads us to a bit of interest conflict here with not much light being shown on the mystery of cyber, so let’s move onto “rhetoric”. Google does not let us down this time thankfully, the first result is a Wikipedia article defining “rhetoric” as “the art of speaking and writing effectively”. That leaves cyber still an unsolved mystery, time to throw in the towel and hit the dictionary. According to our friends at Merriam Webster, cyber is “relating to, or involving computers or computer networks (as the Internet)”. Now that a definition of both Cyber and Rhetoric exist, it’s time to put them together.
This is where weak are separated from the strong; Cyber and Rhetoric become CyberRhetoric, the theme of our English course. Rhetoric is the art of speaking and writing, a common theme in the past 11+ English classes I have taken. Rhetoric can almost be seen as the base of the course, much like the decision to choose boneless wings or the regular variety. Now that the base is established, it is time to delve into the fun part, the flavoring. In this case, the flavor would be cyber, excellently paired with Rhetoric. The conclusion drawn would be that throughout this course we will be speaking and writing about the internet and other computer related topics. Not quite done yet, with this essay or with the wings metaphor. Will our class focus on the caloric intake and science of the wings or the taste and feels associated with? Meaning, will we be talking and writing about the technical aspect of the internet, the programming and code of it all, or more focusing on the social and personal side of the information offered from it? I would have to wager that we will be focusing on the latter and the societal impacts the internet has caused, based on the survey we took earlier that broke us into groups based on our dependence on technology .
The term rhetoric is defined as the art of effective, persuasive or influencing speech or writing, and language designed to have an impressive effect on its audience, but is often regarded as lacking in sincerity or meaningful content. Sometimes associated with excessive use of ornamentation and contrivance in spoken or written discourse.
Cyber is a term relating to the characteristics of the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality.
Combining the words cyber and rhetoric creates a word that infers a language of the Internet and of technological jargon. I believe the word cyberhetoric hints at a language that has arisen due to the boom of the World Wide Web, and because of the modern use of chat rooms and advancing technology. Computers are becoming more and more innovative and sophisticated, and with this new sophistication comes new – and hard to pronounce – words that describe these technological leaps and bounds.
Possible problems with cyberhetoric arise when technology becomes so revolutionary in such a short amount of time that even the experts must struggle to keep abreast of the new advancements, creating wide gaps in knowledge between the experts and the rest of us.
Cyberhetoric could also pertain to the modern language that is associated with Internet chatting. The abbreviated words are frequently altered and more often than not invented by the person using them, so that the language is ever changing. Not only is it difficult for those who are not part of the young generation’s obsession with the Internet to keep up with the new slang, but also it is often a problem for people to write formally after they have been using this text slang for so long. The slang is faster to use and shortens sentences, but it is no easy feat trying to break the habit of writing “by the way” instead of “btw” or “be right back” instead of “be right back”. Often it becomes natural, almost like a second language, so it often slips subconsciously into everyday conversation.
The very general scope of what rhetoric can be defined as, has morphed throughout the preceding generations to culminate in the standing definition of this particular term being categorized as “the art of speaking or writing effectively.” Having said that, it is only the latest of many characterizations of a word that was initially introduced by the Greeks and more specifically pre-Socratic philosophers. In the middle ages, rhetoric befell a certain change into a term concerning itself with persuasion in a public forum. Therefore, by combining these related definitions, the transposed meaning of rhetoric becomes: a varying type of communication used to chiefly persuade or inform. Cyber on the other hand, derived from cybernetics, has more to do with the electronic principles of computers. However, this fairly callous definition isn’t of great importance because this term gives rise to a seemingly more important definition stemming partly from the word cybernetics meaning the control of speech and functional processes. Thusly, the term CybeRhetoric can be adjunctly assimilated as the controlled decision as to when to expel the acts of persuading or informing through various communicative channels. After synthesizing the denotation of this word, it is clear that due to the particulars that it is concerned with, some problems come under its range. One such issue may perhaps be what times and under what circumstances is it appropriate to employ cybeRhetoric? Also, another question is whether or not there should there an ethical governing the use of cybeRhetorics?
While speaking of the questions surrounding cybeRhetorics in accordance to the way that I defined it, the answer to these possible problems is something that can never be truly regulated. Of course the government can police all speech from any of the citizens or companies within its borders. Yet, that solution is only feasible in communist or tyrannical states. Moreover, it isn’t plausible for speech to be quelled that way in a democratic society because countries such as the United States have documents guaranteeing the freedom of speech. Due to that fact, it becomes the responsibility of the citizens of such a country to realize that a certain type of propaganda could be put out in the open, and consequently they must realize and refute the extreme views of the speaker. Of course, there have been several instances beckoning from the past and present centuries that purvey the dangers of unchecked speech including the empowerment of Hitler and the subsequent rise of the Nazi regime. As a result, it is clear that there needs to be a certain code of ethics that people should follow in order to not only protect themselves from harm, but others as well. For instance, in the age of Facebook, proper procedure would be for someone not to post a compromising photo of another person without first gaining their consent. In conclusion, on the off chance that my definition of this term is accurate, I believe that such solutions would be effective and serve mankind well.
The popular prefix cyber was originally derived from the arcane word cybernetic referring to electronic or remote controlled systems with special reference to control of speech and functional processes as with computers.1 Through its evolution, the meaning has become diluted and its usage has started to overlap with other prefixes like “e-“ and words like “virtual.” With respect to Google searches, it seems to more indicate specifically the internet when placed in front of many internet specific services as in “cyber cards” the “premier internet resource for eCards” and the ever popular cybersex, an equivalent to verbal coitus.2 “In its broadest sense, the theory and practice of eloquence, whether spoken or written,”3 rhetoric defines the “cans” and “cannots” of the persuasive word. This term, in stark contrast to its predecessor is usually associated with ancient, Greek ideas of the study and effective usage of language. 4
That being said, the term “cyberhetoric,” being a hybrid term must take attributes from both of its halves to express the full meaning. The term seems to refer to specific rules that are meant to govern the usage of electronic or internet based speech. Perhaps the intent of the word is directed toward the rapidly accelerating usage of internet-specific colloquialisms. It can be seen that words like “too” are being replaced by abbreviations on the order of “2” and a propensity of others. Furthermore, the popular usage of these slang terms both online and through text messaging has seeped into the academic writing vocabulary which could pose obvious problems. A mastery of the language, particularly in reading is hardly available to a student who refuses to make use of the full spectrum of the language and instead shortcuts words and in some cases alter grammatical structure. Therefore, internet speak would be seen as entirely inappropriate in an academic, classroom setting where being concise refers to powerful phrasing and not excessive abbreviations. It also could refer to censorship of the online work done in a class.
Webster’s Online Dictionary refers to the terms ‘cyber’ and ‘rhetoric’ as distinct opposites. It defines cyber as “of, relating to, or involving computers or computer networks (as the Internet)” (Cyber), and rhetoric as “the art of speaking or writing effectively: as a: the study of principles and rules of composition formulated by critics of ancient times: b: the study of writing or speaking as a means of communication or persuasion” (Rhetoric). Created in 1991, cyber is still a relatively new word whose definition continues to be cultivated with the ever-rapid expansion of technology. The term rhetoric, however, has been in use since the 14th century, by great minds of the past such as Plato, John Locke, and Francis Bacon. Aristotle once defined rhetoric as “the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion” (Some Definitions of Rhetoric), therefore stating the ultimate meaning of the term rhetoric- the main objective being for the author or speaker to successfully influence the opinions of the other party involved in the discussion. Overall, in order to deepen an understanding of each term over the course of a year, it will be imperative to utilize any and all available resources. Firstly, understanding the cyber aspect and its many different branches of media, a few being online databases, informational websites, and television news programs. And finally, becoming fluent in the art of rhetoric by continuing to read and write and improving on both skills.
Together, ‘cyber’ and ‘rhetoric’ create a complex idea. After researching the meanings of the individual terms, the combined product reaches another level that presents a greater challenge. CybeRhetoric concerns itself with reading, writing, speaking, and its influence on society through the evolving types of media. As the world becomes increasingly plugged-in, it remains imperative to access all different types of people. Now, the cyber aspect is necessary to produce successful rhetoric. In order to be successful in our society, it is most important to master both the rhetoric and cyber aspects. For example, Barack Obama would not be a thriving politician if he did not incorporate his power of persuasion and rhetoric into the cyber world- through use of the Internet, television, and radio, among other outlets. The fusion of the two words creates an idea that explains this, and how society must effectively adapt to the times.
The term cyber pertains to many things involving the internet. “Cyberspace” was a term given to the internet or the World Wide Web in the 1990s. (Webopedia computer dictionary) The term can be used for really anything that is linked to a computer. The word cyber describes how a computer can hold onto and send things, like documents or e-mails, without having these objects be physically there. The term cyber is a representation of these objects so that people are able to clearly understand the concept of the technology that is being used. Basically anything pertaining to computers can be linked to the term “cyber.” The word rhetoric represents different uses of words and languages. For example, alliteration is a rhetorical device that is used by many people for different reasons. (Francis, Kentucky Classics) These many different devices are used to get many different ideas and thoughts across to others. Rhetoric describes not only what is being said but how it is being said. The knowledge of rhetoric helps writers to get the point across in the best possible way to their readers. It is also used to persuade others into thinking different ideas about various topics.
The term “CybeRhetoric” may mean many different things. Knowing that cyber means having to do with representing things that are on the internet and that rhetoric means the use of words and language to spread a certain message, “CybeRhetoric” probably has something to do with the use of words or language to spread an idea or message about the internet. It probably has something to do with how things on the internet are worded so the author of that particular website can attract specific visitors. It can also have something to do with how “cyber space” is used to spread these ideas. In today’s society the World Wide Web is used to connect millions of people from around the world. It is also used to spread ideas and messages. Because rhetoric is how these messages get sent , “CybeRhetoric” probably describes the different ways that people are able to send these different messages to other people around the world with such ease. “CybeRhetoric” probably has something to do with what is being sent and to whom. When studying rhetorical devices it is important to know who these messages are being sent to so that the way the message is sent will have the most effect on this particular audience. It is probably equally important to know who you are sending your messages to through the World Wide Web as it would be if using paper.
In modern society, the Internet and other electronic devices are becoming the primary means of communication. Not only are social networking sites and emails taking the place of traditional written letters, but text messages are becoming more common than phone calls. The term cyber was first used by Norbert Wiener, who coined the term cybernetics. Cybernetics is the term used to explain this phenomenon. Cybernetics refers to the study of human control functions and the mechanical or electronic systems designed to replace them. The use of cybernetics involves the mechanics of communication. The prefix “cyber” is often added to common words in order to apply them to an electronic issue. Rhetoric is the effective or showy use of words. It is the art of speaking or writing effectively as a means of communication or persuasion.
The term Cyberhetoric combines two ideas that have become central to our society. When communication and technology cross paths changes are bound to occur in the way people communicate with one another. Through social networks such as Facebook and MySpace, instant messages, and emails, the commonly accepted forms of writing are changing. On the Internet, many people no longer capitalize the first letter at the beginning of a sentence. This is due to the extremely casual tone of most emails and other messages sent online. There is now talk of actually someday changing grammatical rules so that this type of capitalization is no longer necessary. These types of changes in the written English language are still being debated among scholars. Also, there has been a definite shift in the way that people communicate. Cyberhetoric not only seems to cover such grammatical changes that are taking place on the internet and infiltrating the rest of society, but also in the medium through which such communication occurs. The traditional written letter eventually gave way to the more popular telephone or cell phone calls. It seems that the now popular text messaging system is taking the place of telephone calls. Although calls are still very frequent and popular, it cannot be denied that the popularity of text messaging has risen dramatically over the past three years or so. Although they are not yet replacing calls, the recent popularity of text messages are infiltrating different areas in society. It is now possible to text requests into radio stations, text trivia answers to movie theaters or television programs, ideas or statements to the nightly news, and even text in anonymous tips to NYPD tip hotlines. Cyberhetoric seems to focus on these changes being made in society, both in the technological way we now communicate with one another and in the grammatical differences with which we now write and speak.
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